Climaterio relacionado al estilo de vida en mujeres de una población mexiquense / Climacteric related to lifestyle in women of a Mexican population

Introducción: La mujer en el climaterio presenta diversos cambios fisiológicos, físicos, psicológicos y sociales, debidos no solo a la disminución hormonal, sino también al estilo de vida Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre el climaterio y el estilo de vida en una población mexiquense. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, correlacional y transversal. La muestra se conformó por 143 mujeres de 45 a 59 años de edad, muestreo no probabilístico a conveniencia. Se aplicaron dos instrumentos: Perfil de Estilo de Vida (PEPS-I) de Nola Pender y escala de Blatt Kupperman (IMK). Proyecto aprobado por Comité de Ética en Investigación. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa SPSS Vs 25. Se estableció estadísticos descriptivos y rho de Spearman. Resultados: El estilo de vida resultó ser regular en la mayoría de las mujeres participantes (91.2%), se observó μ= 108.87±14.21 mínima de 76 y máxima de 147; respecto a los síntomas del climaterio se observó μ= 10.09±4.9 mínima de 0 y máxima de 23. Se obtuvo una correlación estadísticamente significativa de las dos variables estudio (Rho= p≤ 0.05). Conclusión: El estilo de vida de las mujeres durante el climaterio es regular y se relaciona con el estilo de vida. (AU)

Introduction: The woman in the climacteric presents diverse physiological, physical, psychological and social changes, due not only to the hormonal decrease, but also to the lifestyle. Women in the climacteric period present diverse physiological, physical, psychological and social changes, due not only to hormonal decline, but also to lifestyle. Objective: To analyze the relationship between climacteric and lifestyle in a population of The State of Mexico. Methodology: Quantitative, correlational and cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 143 women aged 45 and 59 years, non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Two instruments were applied: Nola Pender's Lifestyle Profile (PEPS-I) and Blatt Kupperman's scale (IMK). The Project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. The data were analyzed with the SPSS Vs 25 program. Descriptive statistics and Spearman's rho were established. Results: Lifestyle was found to be regular in most of the participating women (91.2%), μ= 108.87±14.21 minimum of 76 and maximum of 147; regarding climacteric symptoms μ= 10.09±4.9 minimum of 0 and maximum of 23 was observed. A statistically significant correlation of the two study variables was obtained (Rho= p≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The women lifestyle during climacteric is regular and is related to lifestyle. (AU)

Ascorbic Acid as an Aryl Radical Inducer in the Gold-Mediated Arylation of Indoles with Aryldiazonium Chlorides.

In recent years interest in the development of protocols that facilitate the oxidative addition of gold to access mild cross-coupling processes mediated by this metal has increased. In this context, we report herein that ascorbic acid, a natural and readily accessible antioxidant, can be used to accelerate the oxidative addition of aryldiazonium chlorides onto AuI . The aryl-AuIII species generated in this way, has been used to prepare 3-arylindoles in a one-pot protocol starting from anilines and para-, meta-, and ortho- substituted aryldiazonium chlorides. The mechanism underlying the oxidative addition has been examined in detail based on EPR analyses, cyclic voltammetry, and DFT calculations. Interestingly, we have found that in this protocol, the chloride atom induces the AuII /AuIII oxidation step.

Competition between Hydrogen Bonding and Proton Transfer during Specific Anion Recognition by Dihomooxacalix[4]arene Bidentate Ureas.

Competition between hydrogen bonding and proton transfer reactions was studied for systems composed of electrogenerated dianionic species from dinitrobenzene isomers and substituted dihomooxacalix[4]arene bidentate urea derivatives. To analyze this competition, a second-order ErCrCi mechanism was considered where the binding process is succeeded by proton transfer and the voltammetric responses depend on two dimensionless parameters: the first related to hydrogen bonding reactions, and the second one to proton transfer processes. Experimental results indicated that, upon an increase in the concentration of phenyl-substituted dihomooxacalix[4]arene bidentate urea, voltammetric responses evolve from diffusion-controlled waves (where the binding process is at chemical equilibrium) into irreversible kinetic responses associated with proton transfer. In particular, the 1,3-dinitrobenzene isomer showed a higher proton transfer rate constant (∼25 M(-1) s(-1)) compared to that of the 1,2-dinitrobenzene (∼5 M(-1) s(-1)), whereas the 1,4-dinitrobenzene did not show any proton transfer effect in the experimental conditions employed.

Site-Specific Description of the Enhanced Recognition Between Electrogenerated Nitrobenzene Anions and Dihomooxacalix[4]arene Bidentate Ureas.

Electron transfer controlled hydrogen bonding was studied for a series of nitrobenzene derivative radical anions, working as large guest anions, and substituted ureas, including dihomooxacalix[4]arene bidentate urea derivatives, in order to estimate binding constants (Kb) for the hydrogen-bonding process. Results showed enhanced Kb values for the interaction with phenyl-substituted bidentate urea, which is significantly larger than for the remaining compounds, e.g., in the case of 4-methoxynitrobenzene a 28-fold larger Kb value was obtained for the urea bearing a phenyl (Kb ∼ 6888) vs tert-butyl (Kb ∼ 247) moieties. The respective nucleophilic and electrophilic characters of the participant anion radical and urea hosts were parametrized with global and local electrodonating (ω(-)) and electroaccepting (ω(+)) powers, derived from DFT calculations. ω(-) data were useful for describing trends in structure­activity relationships when comparing nitrobenzene radical anions. However, ω(+) for the host urea structures lead to unreliable explanations of the experimental data. For the latter case, local descriptors ωk(+)(r) were estimated for the atoms within the urea region in the hosts [∑kωk(+)(r)]. By compiling all the theoretical and experimental data, a Kb-predictive contour plot was built considering ω(-) for the studied anion radicals and ∑kωk(+)(r) which affords good estimations.

Inner reorganization limiting electron transfer controlled hydrogen bonding: intra- vs. intermolecular effects.

In this work, experimental evidence of the influence of the electron transfer kinetics during electron transfer controlled hydrogen bonding between anion radicals of metronidazole and ornidazole, derivatives of 5-nitro-imidazole, and 1,3-diethylurea as the hydrogen bond donor, is presented. Analysis of the variations of voltammetric EpIcvs. log KB[DH], where KB is the binding constant, allowed us to determine the values of the binding constant and also the electron transfer rate k, confirmed by experiments obtained at different scan rates. Electronic structure calculations at the BHandHLYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) level for metronidazole, including the solvent effect by the Cramer/Truhlar model, suggested that the minimum energy conformer is stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding. In this structure, the inner reorganization energy, λi,j, contributes significantly (0.5 eV) to the total reorganization energy of electron transfer, thus leading to a diminishment of the experimental k.

Employment of electrodonating capacity as an index of reactive modulation by substituent effects: application for electron-transfer-controlled hydrogen bonding.

Evaluation of the substituent effect in reaction series is an issue of interest, as it is fundamental for controlling chemical reactivity in molecules. Within the framework of density functional theory, employment of the chemical potential, µ, and the chemical hardness, η, leads to the calculation of properties of common use, such as the electrodonating (ω(-)) and electroaccepting (ω(+)) powers, in many chemical systems. In order to examine the predictive character of the substituent effect by these indexes, a comparison between these and experimental binding constants (Kb) for binding of a series of radical anions from para- and ortho-substituted nitrobenzenes with 1,3-diethylurea in acetonitrile was performed, and fair correlations were obtained; furthermore, this strategy was suitable for all of the studied compounds, even those for which empirical approximations, such as Hammett's model, are not valid. Visual representations of substituent effects are presented by considering the local electrodonating power ω(-)(r).